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Hardwin von Grätz ((フランス語:Hardouin de Graes)), better known in English as Ortwin ((ラテン語:Ortuinus Gratius); 1475 – 22 May 1542), was a German humanist scholar and theologian. Ortwin was born in Holtwick (now in the District of Coesfeld, Westphalia) and died in Cologne, Germany. He was raised by his uncle, Johannes von Grätz, in Deventer. In 1501 he left to pursue philosophical studies at the University of Cologne. After joining Kyuk Burse, Ortwin became licensed in 1505, attained Masters level in 1506, and became an Art Professor in 1507. He supplemented his salary by proofing documents for Quentell printers and wrote introductions and poetic dedications in the volumes of classical authors of the Middle Ages. Ortwin was a follower of Hegius and Peter of Ravennal, a Humanist, and boasted many prominent, intellectual friends. Because Ortwin sided with the Cologne University theologians and the Dominicans during the Reuchlin controversy, he found himself the subject of aggressive attacks from Hermann von den Buschel and the younger generation who were not pleased with his translations of the Jewish convert, Pfefferkorn. Ortwin had at that time just finished a literary tournament with von dem Busche and had been made the laughing-stock of the literary world by the venomous ''Epistolae obscurorum virorum'', letters that were addressed to him.〔(The Northern Renaissance And The Background Of The Reformation )〕 His adversaries succeeded in vilifying him on both moral and scientific grounds, denouncing his Latin and Greek scholarship and portraying him as a drunkard and worse. Ortwin made no response until Pope Leo X excommunicated the author, readers, and distributors of the ''Epistolary'' (1517). After his weak and ineffective defense, entitled ''Lamentationes obscurorum virorum'', his damaged reputation remained distorted for centuries. In 1520 he was ordained to the priesthood and thereafter focused entirely on literary work. ==Works== His magnum opus was the ''Little Collection of Things to Be Sought & Things to Be Avoided'' ((ラテン語:Fasciculus Rerum Expetendarum & Fugiendarum)), a collection of 66 more or less weighty letters and treatises by various authors on ecclesiastical and profane history, dogma and canon law, compiled to expose the noxious elements in the Church's organism and to prepare a way for a future council to remedy them. It has been wrongly claimed that this work, put on the Index on account of its anticlerical tendency, was not from the pen of Gratius. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ortwin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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